APIs, excipients and formulation: the bedrock of medical innovation

Our virtual CPHI Discover event (17th-28th May) is just around the corner, full to the brim with three main content tracks. Here, we explore the major trends in APIs, Ingredients & Formulation

Ingredients and APIs

The pharmaceutical industry’s focus on more potent, more complex products is having a profound effect on its supply chain. Its decades old reliance on suppliers for active ingredients is reciprocal: the API industry invests and innovates in response to customer demand.

One example of this in recent years is in high potency APIs. Various estimates (1) indicate the global HPAPI market will increase from its current value of around $20 billion to $26 billion by 2023 as the pharmaceutical industry increase its focus on treatments for cancer.

As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in firms producing high potency APIs, which has been the fastest growing segment of the ingredients sector for a decade (2). HPAPIs require special containment and handling systems, which require firms to make investment. Likewise, the need to ship such products in controlled, secure conditions calls for a dedicated and robust distribution infrastructure.

Target markets

Ongoing globalization of the pharmaceutical industry is also reshaping the API industry. On the one hand, drug company efforts to access emerging markets is increasing demand for ingredients.

Africa is a good example. Although pharmaceuticals are currently manufactured across South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt, the continent still imports over 70% of the drug actives it uses.

Similarly, Latin America holds diverse and huge potential for pharmaceutical companies and – as a result – the API sector. According to analysis published in February (3), by 2025, the high potency API market in Latin America is expected to be worth $3.52 billion, an increase of 50 percent from last year.

The progressive loss of patent protection in various markets also has implications for the API sector. As branded drugs lose protection, they become potential targets for generic competitors and the API firms that supply them.

Global API supply

Asia has been a major supplier of APIs for several decades. According to analysis (4) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 72% of APIs used in medicines sold in the country come from overseas. In the EU, analysis (5) indicates that around 66% of ingredients are made outside the continent.

This reliance on imported APIs has been a concern for industry groups and governments alike, resulting in various efforts to encourage local production.

The coronavirus pandemic has amplified these concerns particularly when – for a short period – the Indian Government banned the export of certain APIs in a bid to prevent local shortages. The ban was quickly lifted (6), however, its lasting impact is likely to be an acceleration of drug industry efforts to find alternative, local sources.

More recently (7), India banned exports of the antiviral Remdesivir (both the API and finished product), which is being made by seven manufacturers under license from Gilead.

Digitization

Another supply chain dynamic impacting the API market is the use of digital technologies (8). On the one hand, digitization is helping ingredients firms to secure supply chains and to track the flow of ingredients from the facility to wholesaler to pharmaceutical customer.

Digital technologies are also increasingly being used by API suppliers to provide their pharmaceutical industry customers with oversight of production and thereby enhanced ability to react to changing demand patterns in various global markets (9).

Formulations

The API sector is also being impacted by innovation in formulation development. The emergence of combination pharmaceutical products over the past decade has changed how actives are made and characterised.

For example, it is essential APIs in combo products have physicochemical compatibility with one another and any excipients used. In addition, it is also important the rate and extent of in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo bioavailability of the APIs is the same as for the single component formulations.

The demand for processing techniques able to produce APIs to precise specifications has prompted a wave of investment in techniques – from micronization to spray drying.

The latter technique has become increasingly popular in the production of formulations of poorly soluble APIs because it allows them to be co-processed with solubility enhancement excipients.

Nanotechnology is another example of a trend in the formulation space. The primary application has been to enhance the deliverability of APIs by improving their bioavailability, lowering their toxicity and reducing side effects (10).

Excipients

Innovation in formulation development is also having an impact on excipient suppliers. Demand for non-actives that are able to enhance the solubility of an API or the stability of the formulation on the pharmacy shelf has increased significantly (11).

For example, excipients are used in antibody-based drug formulations to enhance stability and to reduce the risk of clumping or protein-protein interactions. The challenge, according to research (12) published last year, is selecting the excipient that will perfume this role most effectively.

The use of novel processing techniques to produce new formulations has also increased the need for excipients able to withstand higher compression (13). Chitin is one of several novel compounds being examined as a potential excipient based on its compatibility with production processes that involve direct compression.

Register for CPHI Discover here and check out the agenda for details of upcoming webinars and podcasts on the theme of APIs, Ingredients and Formulation

References:

1. https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2019/04/23/HPAPI-market-to-reach-26bn-in-2023-CDMOs-need-to-gear-up-to-support-future-demands
2. https://www.teknoscienze.com/Contents/Riviste/PDF/CO5_2010_RGB_45-47.pdf
3. https://www.statista.com/statistics/800337/high-potency-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-market-value-latin-america/#statisticContainer
4. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/safeguarding-pharmaceutical-supply-chains-global-economy-10302019
5. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-medicines/eu-must-wean-itself-off-asia-for-key-drug-ingredients-idUSKBN26S1GX?edition-redirect=in
6. https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/govt-lifts-bans-on-export-of-paracetamol-apis-immediate-effect/story/405265.html
7. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-bans-exports-anti-viral-drug-remdesivir-covid-19-cases-surge-2021-04-11/
8. https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:eb9e739f-1b1a-4c13-8763-51f8faafc9ac/vrph-b10013-00-7600brochurepharma144dpi.pdf
9. http://brandstories.livemint.com/siemens-future-of-manufacturing/transforming-pharmaceutical-manufacturing.html
10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pawan-Prabhakar/publication/341591438_Nanotechnology_in_Drug_Delivery_System_Challenges_and_Opportunities/links/5fc3aecd92851c933f72d7e1/Nanotechnology-in-Drug-Delivery-System-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf
11. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01351
12. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00775
13. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03639045.2020.1841788