COVID-19, patient needs and sustainability driving drug delivery tech innovation

Innovation is the cornerstone of the drug delivery technology sector; efforts to make therapies more convenient for patients, reduce side effects and differentiate products from the competition have always made the delivery sector a hotbed of new ideas.

The drug delivery industry has, like the wider pharmaceutical sector, been impacted by COVID-19. The industry response to the pandemic was to scramble to create vaccines to parts of the SAR-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19.

While many of these efforts proved successful with millions now vaccinated worldwide, the focus on vaccine R&D and then production placed a huge strain on product supply chains, including the syringes used to administer the vaccines. For example, in May the Wall Street Journal reported COVID-19 vaccines were being wasted in various US states because the federal Government was not supplying enough syringes to deliver the jabs.

In parallel, there are also questions about the glass sector’s ability to manufacture enough supplies of the specialist materials syringe and vial makers need to maintain production rates.

But there have also been some positives for the delivery technology industry. As well as developing vaccines, the drug industry has been busily checking to see if any products or candidate products can help people suffering with COVID-19.

These efforts – which are likely to continue for the next few years at least – are likely to increase drug industry demand for novel delivery systems (NDDS), according to a study published in February.

The authors wrote “Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) will be boon for the repurposing of drugs… NDDS will help to develop the improved delivery systems (dosage forms) of existing therapeutic agents and also explore the new insights to find out the void spaces for potential targeted delivery. Therefore, in these tough times, NDDS and nanotechnology can be a safeguard to humanity.”

A separate study suggested use of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems would increase as a result of efforts to combat the pandemic. According to the authors, various vaccines and therapeutic drugs based on nanomedicine that are currently undergoing clinical trials “have presented the potential to become innovative alternatives for overcoming COVID-19.”

Others have argued the case for using transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), nebulizers or other aerosol-based methods as routes for the administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and COVID-19 therapeutics.

Some efforts to combat the pandemic have focused on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 rather than the virus itself. A study published in June suggested new delivery technologies could be used to administer immunomodulatory agents to reduce disease severity in hospitalized patients.

Formulations

Since the earliest days of the pharmaceutical industry, the vast majority of medicines have been formulated for oral delivery. As one recent study put it “oral delivery has been recognized as the most attractive method, mainly due to its potential for solid formulations with long shelf life, sustained delivery, ease of administration and intensified immune response.”

In recent years, innovation in oral drug delivery technologies and formulations has been driven by the need to improve the bioavailability of otherwise insoluble active pharmaceuticals ingredients (APIs).

In addition, the emergence of combination products has forced developers to find ways of ensuring the respective ingredients are evenly distributed or that they will be released in a controlled manner.

One notable example of a combination pill was AstraZeneca’s diabetes treatment Qtrilmet, which successfully combined metformin hydrochloride, saxagliptin, and dapagliflozin. The pill was approved in 2019 but later withdrawn by AstraZeneca for commercial reasons.

Other combo-pill developers have turned to more innovative formulation production methods like 3D printing.

Aprecia’s epilepsy drug Spritam is the highest profile example of a 3D printed medicine. The product only contains one API – levetiracetam – however, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it in 2017 it noted the potential of 3D printing for combination drugs.

The agency wrote, “It may be possible to combine certain medications into one “polypill” using 3D designs and 3D printing processes, which would be especially useful for those who take multiple medications every day.”

In the years since, several studies have been published by groups using 3D printing to combine multiple APIs although, to date, no such products have been approved.

Skin deep

Demand for transdermal delivery systems has also increased markedly in recent years, primarily because the drug industry has sought to find ways of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs.

But there are other factors that make delivery through the skin an attractive option. According to a recent study, transdermal delivery also fits with demand for ‘patient-centric’ product formulations.

The authors wrote, “Transdermal drug delivery systems offer some advantages for patients, such as being less invasive some methods are entirely non-invasive, first-pass metabolism avoidance, ease of application and administration, no need for expert personnel, and the potential to reduce frequency of administration.

“Additionally, this technology has been used for the delivery of different varieties of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds.”

They cite vesicles and analogues, various types of microneedle systems – including coated, hollow and dissolving - as well as ‘energy-driven’ methods as the most active areas of innovation in transdermal delivery.

The suggestion is in keeping with several other studies looking at the potential use of nanoscale microneedles to deliver candidate COVID-19 vaccines and therapies.

The comments about microneedles also fit with the World Economic Forum’s decision to include microneedles in its list of top ten emerging technologies for 2020.

Environmental impact

Growing concerns about the environmental impact of drug delivery technologies has also been a focus for sector R&D teams. Late last year, for example, Ypsomed launched what it claimed was the world’s first zero carbon emission autoinjector for pharmaceuticals.

Similarly, in 2018 the UK Government called for industry to promote greater use of inhalers that have lower levels of GWP refrigerants to help reduce fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions. 

But emissions are not the only environmental challenge the drug delivery sector faces. In 2019 the European parliament agreed to ban a range of single-use plastics in products during 2021.

At present the new EU legislation does not apply to medical products – which are deemed vital – however, various analysts have predicted the drug industry’s reliance on single-use plastics is likely to come under greater scrutiny. As a result, efforts to find alternatives to plastic in both the delivery technology and drug packaging sectors have accelerated.

Connected delivery devices

Wireless connectivity is another major area of development for delivery technology researchers.

According to a recent report, the market for delivery devices that are able to administer medications and capture and transmit patient data is growing 46.7% a year and will be worth $4.07 billion by 2028.

The authors say “a rise in awareness about the adverse effects of non-adherence… increased adoption of IoT and the COVID-19 pandemic” is “increasing the demand for connected drug delivery devices as well as providing lucrative growth opportunities in the coming years.”

A similar view was outlined in a 2019 study, which suggested drug industry demand for connected drug delivery devices “are increasingly being developed to support patient supervision and counselling in home setting.”

The researchers cite features like dosing reminders, adherence trackers, tools for patient education, and patient diaries to collect patient-reported outcomes among the advantages.

However, the also injected a note of caution about the growth potential of the connected delivery device market, pointing out that the regulations covering patient data and privacy are still evolving.

“Key barriers to the broader adoption of connected devices include data privacy laws that may prevent data sharing with HCPs in some countries, as well as the need to demonstrate that the tools are consistently used and generate a high-quality and reproducible database.